Database Project Tutorial Sample Questions277

1. Explain the concept of normalization in database design.

Normalization is a process that organizes data into tables to reduce data redundancy and ensure data integrity. It involves dividing a database into smaller tables based on specific rules, such as first normal form (1NF), second normal form (2NF), and third normal form (3NF). Normalization helps prevent data duplication, eliminates data anomalies, and improves data quality.

2. Describe the different types of database relationships.

Database relationships define how tables are connected and interact with each other. The main types of relationships include:* One-to-One (1:1): Only one record in one table can be associated with one record in another table.
* One-to-Many (1:M): One record in one table can be associated with multiple records in another table, but each record in the other table can only be associated with one record in the first table.
* Many-to-Many (M:N): Multiple records in one table can be associated with multiple records in another table, and vice versa.

3. Explain the purpose and usage of SQL injections.

SQL injections are malicious techniques that allow attackers to execute arbitrary SQL statements on a database. They leverage vulnerabilities in web applications or programs that allow user input to be directly used in SQL queries. SQL injections can lead to data theft, data manipulation, or even system compromise.

4. Describe the steps involved in creating a database schema.

Creating a database schema involves defining the structure and relationships of the data in a database. It includes the following steps:1. Identify data requirements
2. Define tables and their attributes
3. Establish relationships between tables
4. Normalize the schema
5. Implement data integrity constraints

5. Explain the difference between a database engine and a database management system (DBMS).

A database engine is the core component of a DBMS that manages data storage, retrieval, and processing. It provides low-level access to data and handles operations such as data manipulation, concurrency control, and data recovery. A DBMS, on the other hand, is a comprehensive software suite that includes the database engine and additional tools and capabilities, such as user management, query optimization, and data backup and recovery.

6. Describe the role of data warehousing in business intelligence.

A data warehouse is a central repository that stores historical and aggregated data from multiple sources. It provides a foundation for business intelligence by enabling data analysis, reporting, and decision-making. Data warehouses help businesses gain insights into trends, patterns, and customer behavior to make informed decisions.

7. Explain the concept of database triggers.

Database triggers are stored procedures that automatically execute specific actions when certain events occur in a database, such as inserting, updating, or deleting records. They are used to enforce data integrity, perform complex operations, or maintain consistency across multiple tables.

8. Describe the different types of database indexes.

Database indexes are data structures that improve the performance of data retrieval operations. They are used to quickly locate data in large tables by organizing data based on specific criteria. Types of indexes include:* Clustered Index: Physically organizes data based on the index order, improving performance for ordered queries.
* Non-Clustered Index: Indexes data logically, improving performance for specific columns or expressions without physically rearranging the data.

9. Explain the purpose and usage of stored procedures.

Stored procedures are pre-compiled SQL statements stored in a database. They allow for modularity, code reuse, and performance optimization. Stored procedures encapsulate complex or frequently used SQL operations, making them easier to maintain and execute.

10. Describe the principles of database security.

Database security aims to protect data from unauthorized access, modification, or destruction. It involves implementing measures such as authentication, authorization, encryption, data masking, and intrusion detection systems to ensure data confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

2025-02-21

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